社会心理学14. Social Psychology and Law: 社会心理学と法

心理学 社会心理学

社会心理学もくじ

Overview of the American Criminal Justice System

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3770752/wiki/social/Overview%20of%20the%20American%20Criminal%20Justice%20System.PNG

Psychology and the law

  • miscarriages of Justice:
    • Instances where criminal justice system breaks down resulting in a wrongful conviction
    • 社会心理学との関係
  • Mistaken Eyewitness　目撃者の誤り
    • 1904 hits on “eyewitness” on PsycInfo (retrieved March 18, 2010)
  • false confession　偽りの自白
    • 389 hits on “legal” and “confession” on PsycInfo (retrieved March 18, 2010)
  • False Informant Testimony　情報提供者の誤り
    • 4 hits for “informant” and “testimony” on PsycInfo (after excluding “child” and “development” retrieved March 18, 2010)

Causes of Wrongful Convictions

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3770752/wiki/social/Causes%20of%20Wrongful%20Convictions.PNG

Causes of Wrongful Convictions in Death Row Cases

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3770752/wiki/social/Causes%20of%20Wrongful%20Convictions%20in%20Death%20Row%20Cases.PNG

eyewitness testimony（目撃者証言）

  • Two types of Variables:
    • Estimator:
      • Variables which the legal system has no control
    • System:
      • Variables which the legal system has control
  • 記憶の三段階
    1. Acquisition（捕捉）
    2. Storage （記憶）
    3. Retrieval（取り出し）

Acquisition

  • いくらかの人や事象は他と比べると認知が難しかったりする。
    • 少ない露出時間、照明不足、遠さ、変装、注意散漫などで
  • weapon focus effect（凶器注目効果）
    • Tendency for the presence of a weapon to draw attention and impair a witness’s ability to identify the culprit
    • 武器が目の前にあることによって、人は武器に気が散り、他の記憶の正確性が欠く

目撃証言研究の中で提案された概念で，事件の目撃現場において犯人が刃物などの凶器を持って
いた場合，それを持っていなかった場合に比べて，犯人の人相や着衣についての記憶，つまり凶器
の周り以外の記憶は抑制されるといった現象である。逆に，凶器の周りの記憶は促進されるという
ことが考えられる。緊張場面においては，一般的に視野が狭くなったり，視野が固定化されること
が知られている。視野が狭くなったり，視野が固定化されることによって，判断や行動に利用でき
る情報が限られてしまうことになる。
(福山大学心理学科)

  • cross-race effect(cross-race identification bias):
    • Tendency for people to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own
    • 自分以外の人種に対して不正確な記憶を持ちやすい

Storage

  • misinformation effect:
    • Tendency for false post-event misinformation to become integrated into people’s memory of an event
    • 事後の情報が事象の記憶に影響を与える

Retrieval

  • Four factors affect identification performance:
    1. Lineup construction
    2. Lineup instructions
      • Post-Identification Feedback effect:
        • Confidence inflation in an eyewitness’s selection due to feedback provided to the witness suggesting that s/he made the correct selection
    3. Format of the Lineup
      • Simultaneous vs. Sequential
      • 一枚に10個の顔写真を載せて探させるのと、順番に一つずつ見せるのでは正確性が大きく変わる。
    4. Familiarity induced biases

Eye witness and jury

  • Neil v. Biggers (1972),
  • Manson v. Braithwaite, (1977)
    • Confidence
    • Attention
    • View

Types of primary confessions

  • Confession vs. Admission of Guilt
    1. Voluntary
      • (True or False)
    2. Coerced
      • (True or False)

Interrogation

  • Police interrogation techniques
    • Purpose
    • Manual for interrogations
      • Inbau, Reid, Buckley, Jayne (2001)
    • minimization:
      • Interrogation techniques designed to lull the suspect into a false sense of security
    • maximization:
      • Interrogation techniques designed to scare the suspect into confessing
    • Kassin & McNall (1991)

false confessions in a Lab

  • ALT key study (Kassin & Keichel, 1996)
  • Procedure
    • Ps -> Typist -> Suspect
    • Confederate -> Reader -> Witness
    • 60s computer crash
    • Experimenter Questions Participant
  • Independent Variables
    1. False evidence:
      • No False evidence
      • False evidence
    2. Pace
      • Slow
      • Fast

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3770752/wiki/social/False%20Confessions%20in%20the%20Lab.PNG

Impact of confessions

  • Effect of coerced confession on jurors
    • Kassin & Sukel (1997)
      • Level of coercion
      • Admissibility
    • Fundamental Attribution Errors

Who provides information

  • Witnesses
  • Victims
  • Suspects
  • Informants

Informants

  • Accessory
  • Accomplices
  • Civic Duty
  • Jail House Informants

Types of Confessions

  1. Primary Confessions
  2. Secondary Confessions
    • Confession provided by someone other than the suspect based on information told to that person by the suspect

Secondary confessions

  • Potential Reasons for False Secondary Confessions
    • Peterson Case:
      • Interrogation
      • Incentive

Incentives

  • Often given to bring forward informants with valid information
  • Motivation to lie
    • Admissible because of the assumption of reluctance
  • Purpose:
    • Entice reluctant informants who have valid information

Research question

  • What effect does offering an incentive have when the potential informant either does or does not have valid information?

Design

  • 2 x 2 Design
    1. Confederate information
      • Confess
      • Deny
    2. Incentive
      • No incentive
      • Incentive
  • Dependent Variable:
    • Signed Secondary Confession
      • “The other participant admitted to hitting the TAB key and crashing the computer.”
  • Results: Signed Secondary Confessions

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3770752/wiki/social/Signed%20Secondary%20Confessions.PNG

Reluctant Informants

  • Purpose of incentive:
    • Bring forward reluctant informants
  • Reluctant informants
    • Fifth Amendment Right (Self-incrimination)
    • Allegiance to the suspect
    • Fear of retaliation

Allegiance

Design

  • 2 x 2 x 2 design
    1. Informant Relationship:
      • Close
      • Acquaintance
    2. Confederate Information:
      • Confess
      • Deny
    3. Incentive
      • No Incentive
      • Incentive
  • Dependent Variable:
    • Signed Secondary Confession

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3770752/wiki/social/Study%202%20Close%20Participants.PNG

Fear of Retaliation

  • Does fear of retaliation actually induce reluctance to inform on the suspect?
  • Does incentive increase true secondary confessions from informants who fear retaliation from the suspect?
  • Why would you want an underboss when you could get the head of the family?
  • Why would you want a potential terrorist when you could have Ossama bin laden?

Power

  • The ability to control another’s outcome via rewards and punishments
  • Low Power:
    • More distractible
    • Process all including irrelevant information
    • More situational constraints

Of importance to the present manuscript, powerless people have more situational constraints on their behavior (Fiske & Depret, 1996; Guinote, 2007; Keltner et al., 2003). Thus, people with little to no power attend to multiple sources of information because they may have multiple goals; whereas, powerful people tend to focus on one activated goal afforded by the situation (CITE). For example, powerless people may attend to their goal as well as other situational constraints such as people who control their outcomes (see Fiske & Depret, 1996). In order for powerless people to increase a feeling of control, they attend to all sources of information because their outcomes are dependent upon those in power (CITES). Because powerless people must attend to all sources of information, they are hindered in their ability to distinguish between relevant and irrelevant information (Guinote, 2007). Logically, an employee may need to attend her boss’s mood at work while performing a task because both are important for continued productivity. However, continued environmental vigilance may lead to detriments in task performance and diminished pursuit of goals (see Guinote, YEAR).

Design

  • 2 x 2 x 2 design
    1. Confederate information
      • Confess
      • Deny
    2. Incentive
      • No Incentive
      • Incentive
    3. Reminder of potential for retaliation
      • No Reminder
      • Reminder
  • Dependent Variable
    • Signed Secondary Confession

http://dl.dropbox.com/u/3770752/wiki/social/Signed%20Secondary%20Confessions%20Confederate%20Information%20by%20Incentive.PNG